Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To know the main alterations of the skin, as well as its prevalence, in patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Material and Method: A systematic review was carried out through searches in the PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Scientific articles written in English and Spanish were included. Articles that addressed skin alterations in patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and/or on dialysis treatment were analyzed. Results: 32 articles published between 2008 and 2018 were included: 7 systematic reviews, 3 intervention studies and 22 observational studies. To a greater or lesser degree, skin disorders appear in most patients on pre-dialysis and on dialysis treatment. Most of the skin disorders described were xerosis, pruritus and hyperpigmentation. The major complication related to the skin alteration was calcifilaxis; being the type of dialysis treatment, the associated diseases and lack of adherence to the prescribed diet, the most influential variables in the appearance of the lesions. Conclusion: Skin alterations are present in many patients with Advanced Chronic Renal Disease and on dialysis, being xerosis the most frequent alteration, followed by pruritus and hyperpigmentation. The most serious complication related to skin alteration is calcifilaxis, being associated with high levels of serum phosphorus. There are no standardized protocols for the management of skin disorders in these patients.
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References
- González AO, de Francisco A, Gayoso P, García F. Prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal crónica en España: Resultados del estudio EPIRCE. Nefrologia. 2010;30(1):78-86.
- Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. The Lancet. 2012;61:374-7.
- Gutiérrez Sánchez D, Leiva-Santos JP, Sánchez-Hernández R, Gómez García R. Prevalencia y evaluación de síntomas en enfermedad renal crónica avanzada. Enferm Nefrol. 2015;18(3):22836.
- Registro de Diálisis y Trasplante. Sociedad Española de Nefrología. [Consultado 15 octubre 2018]. Disponible en http://www.senefro.org/modules.php?name=webstructure&idwebstructure=293.
- Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS, et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol.[Edición electrónica] 2011;86(2):319-26.
- Aarabi M, Boroumand B,Shafiee MA, Akbarian F, Memon KK. Dermatologic Manifestations in End-stage Renal Disease. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2015;9(5):339-53.
- Galperin TA, Cronin AJ, Leslie KS. Cutaneous manifestations of ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Edición electrónica] 2014;9(1):201-18.
- Sen G, Alcazar Arroyo R, Orte Martínez L, Otero González A. Enfermedad Renal Crónica Avanzada y Pre-Diálisis. Nefrología. 2008;3:3-6.
- Lorenzo V. Enfermedad renal crónica. Rev Actual Clínica. 2011;11(10):557-64.
- Robinson-Bostom L, DiGiovanna JJ. Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. [Edición electrónica] 2000;43(6):975-86.
- Markova A, Lester J, Wang J, Robinson-Bostom L. Diagnosis of Common Dermopathies in Dialysis Patients: A Review and Update. Semin Dial. 2012;25(4):408-18.
- Herrera L, Avellaneda C, Tique N.Calcifilaxis como complicación cutánea en paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica en diálisis.Revista Med. 2013;21(1):86-90.
- Urrútia G, Bonfill X.Declaración PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Med Clin. 2010;135(11):507-11.
- Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E,Altman DG,Gotzsche PC,Mulrow CD,Pocock SJ,et al.Mejorar la comunicación de estudios observacionales en epidemiología (STROBE): explicacion y elaboración. Gac Sanit. 2009;23(2):1-28.
- Cabello J.Plantilla para ayudarte a entender un Ensayo Clinico.CASPe. Guías CASPe de lectura critica de la literatura médica. CASPe. [Edición electrónica] 2005;5-8. [Consultado 24 octubre]. Disponible en:http://www.redcaspe.org/herramientas/instrumentos.
- Thomas EA, Thomas A, Pawar B. A prospective study of cutaneous abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol. 2012;22(2):11620.
- Bosma M, Doaa H, Kamal O, Sarah R. Prospective study on prevalence of dermatological changes in patients under hemodialysis in hemodialysis units in Tanta University hospitals, Egypt. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol [Edición electrónica]. 2014;7:313-9.
- Peres LAB, Passarini SR, Branco MF de BT, Kruger LA. Skin lesions in chronic renal dialysis. J Bras Nefrol. [Edición electrónica] 2014; 36(1):42-7.
- Masmoudi A, Ben Hmida M,Turki H, Hajjaji Darouiche M, Ben Salah H. Cutaneous abnormalities in patients with end stage renal failure on chronic hemodialysis. A study of 458 patients. J Dermatol Case Rep. [Edición electrónica] 2014;8(4):86-94.
- Ankudowicz A, Król E, Debska-Slizien A. Do Patients With End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure Treated With the Use of Hemodialysis Have Healthy Skin? Evaluation of Skin Lesions and Basic Education About Risk Factors for Skin Cancer in This Patient Population. Transplant Proc. 2016;48(5):1435-8.
- Solak B, Acikgoz SB, Sipahi S, Erdem T. Cutaneuos findings in patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. [Edición electrónica]2016;30(9):1609-13.
- Topete O, Fernández Sánchez M. Artículo de revisión Dermatosis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal. Dermatología Rev Mex. [Edición electrónica] 2011;55(6):352-8.
- Asokan S, Narasimhan M, Rajagopalan V. “Cutaneous manifestations in chronic renal failure patients on haemodialysis.” Indian J Clin Exp Dermatology. [Edición electrónica] 2016;2(3):111.
- Khanna D, Singal A, Kalra OP. Comparison of cutaneous manifestations in chronic kidney disease with or without dialysis. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86(1021):641-7.
- Min JW, Kim SH, Kim YO, Jin DC, Song HC, Choi EJ, et al. Comparison of uremic pruritus between patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Research and Clinical Practice. 2016;35(2):107-13.
- Yang M, Tang W, Sang Y, Chen X, Hu X. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus among adult dialysis patients. Medicine. [Edición electrónica] 2018;97(21):1-6.
- Wu HY, Peng Y Sen, Chen HY, Tsai WC, Yang JY, Hsu SP, et al. A comparison of uremic pruritus in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Medicine. 2016;95(9):1-6.
- Rayner HC, Larkina M, Wang M, Graham-Brown M, van der Veer SN, Ecder T, et al. International comparisons of prevalence, awareness, and treatment of pruritus in people on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Edición electrónica] 2017;12(12):2000-7.
- Pisoni RL, Mendelssohn DC, Wikstrom B, Saran R, Keen ML, Elder SJ, et al. Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: international results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;21(12):3495-505.
- Kaminski MR,Strippoli GFM, Palmer SC,Landorf KB, McMahon LP, Dallimore S, et al. Risk factors for foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation in adults with end-stage renal disease on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015; 30(10):1-19.
- Mazhar AR, Johnson RJ, Gillen D, Stivelman JC, Ryan MJ, Davis CL et al. Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease. Rev Kidney Int. 2009;60(1):324-32.
- Guzmán UV, López FG, Cueva P De, Verde E, Vinuesa SG De, Goicoechea M, et al. Calcifilaxis : complicación grave del síndrome cardio-metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT). Nefrología. 2008;28(1):32-6.
- McMahon LP, Kaminski MR, Erbas B, Kerr PG, Lambert KA, Raspovic A, et al. Factors associated with foot ulceration and amputation in adults on dialysis: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):1-11.
- Meloni M, Giurato L, Izzo V, Stefanini M, Pampana E, Gandini R et al. Long term outcomes of diabetic haemodialysis patients with critical limb ischemia and foot ulcer. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;116:117-22.
- Weng CH, Hu CC, Yen TH, Hsu CW, Huang WH. Uremic Pruritus is Associated with Two-Year Cardiovascular Mortality in Long Term Hemodialysis Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2018;43(3):1000-9.
- Becker S, Walter S, Witzke O, Körber A,Bienholz A, Kottmann T, et al. Edema, Hyperpigmentation, Induration: 3 Skin Signs Heralding Danger in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. Medicine. 2016;95 (12):e3121.
- Cheng T-Y, Tarng DC, Liao YM, Lin PC. Effects of systematic nursing instruction on a low-phosphorus diet, serum phosphorus level and pruritus of patients on haemodialysis. Journal of clinical nursing. 2017;(5):485-94.
- Lahiji AP, Mortazavi M, Tirani SA, Moeinzadeh F, Bidaki EZ, Naini AE, et al. Omega3 Supplementation Improves Pruritus in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Crossover Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial. J Res Pharm Pract. 2018;7(4):195-9.
- Simonse E,Lerner B, Shaw J, Tangri N, Bohm C, Askin N, et al. Treatment of Uremic Pruritus: A Systematic Review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(5):638-55.
- Madsen JK, Murtagh FEM. Effectiveness of gabapentinoids for treatment of pruritus in patients with end stage renal failure.A systematic review. Palliative Medicine. 2016;30(6):88-9.
- Rayner H, Baharani J, Smith S, Suresh V, Dasgupta I. Uraemic pruritus: Relief of itching by gabapentin and pregabalin. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;122(34):75-9.
- Siemens W, Xander C, Meerpohl JJ,Buroh S, Antes G, Schwarzer G, et al. Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients (Review). John Wiley Sons. [Edición electrónica] 2016; (11):1-264.
- Zitt E, Konig M, Vychytil A, Auinger M, Wallner M, Lingenhel G et al. Use of sodium thiosulfate in a multi-interventional setting for the treatment of calciphylaxis in dialysis patients. Rev Nephrol Dial Transplant. [Edición electrónica] 2013;28(5):123240.
- Moyano-Espadero MC, Estepa del Árbol M, Pérez-Blancas C, Crespo-Montero R. Influencia de la enfermedad renal crónica terminal en la aparición de pérdida de la integridad tisular. Enferm Nefrol. 2015;18(4):290-302.
- Picó MR, Lugo-Somolinos A, Sánchez JL, Burgos-Caldfrón R. Cutaneous Alterations in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure. Int J Dermatol. [Edición electrónica] 1992;31(12):860-3.
- Sumnu A, Yucel L, Gursu M, Uzun S, Koc LK, Behlul A, et al. Skin disorders in peritoneal dialysis patients: An underdiagnosed subject. World J Nephrol. 2016;5(4):372-7.
- Zadeh S, Tajbakhsh R, Kabootari M, Sadani S, Qorbani M, Haghighi A, et al. Mucocutaneous manifestations and nail changes in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2013;24(1):36-40.
- Adejumo O, Akinbodewa A,Alli O, Olatunji A, Ibukun I. Prevalence, Pattern and Association of Pruritus with Quality of Life in nic Kidney Disease Patients Attending Kidney Care Centre, Ondo City, Southwest Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2016;26(6):549-54.
- Choi SI, Lee J, S Lee SV, Lee EY. Cutaneous manifestations in End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Korean Journal of Dermatology. 2012;(10):845-54.
- Onelmis H, Sener S, Sasmaz S, Ozer A. Cutaneous changes in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2012;31(4):286-91.
- Rashpa RS, Mahajan VK, Kumar P, Mehta KS, Chauhan SP, Rawat Ret al. Mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2017;9:20-6.
- Otte J, Van Netten JJ, Woittiez AJJ. The association of chronic kidney disease and dialysis treatment with foot ulceration and major amputation. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(2):406-11.
- Ángel Ángel ZE, Duque Castaño GA, Tovar Cortes DL. Cuidados de enfermería en el paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis: una revisión sistemática. Enferm Nefrol. 2016;19(3):20213.
References
González AO, de Francisco A, Gayoso P, García F. Prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal crónica en España: Resultados del estudio EPIRCE. Nefrologia. 2010;30(1):78-86.
Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. The Lancet. 2012;61:374-7.
Gutiérrez Sánchez D, Leiva-Santos JP, Sánchez-Hernández R, Gómez García R. Prevalencia y evaluación de síntomas en enfermedad renal crónica avanzada. Enferm Nefrol. 2015;18(3):22836.
Registro de Diálisis y Trasplante. Sociedad Española de Nefrología. [Consultado 15 octubre 2018]. Disponible en http://www.senefro.org/modules.php?name=webstructure&idwebstructure=293.
Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS, et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol.[Edición electrónica] 2011;86(2):319-26.
Aarabi M, Boroumand B,Shafiee MA, Akbarian F, Memon KK. Dermatologic Manifestations in End-stage Renal Disease. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2015;9(5):339-53.
Galperin TA, Cronin AJ, Leslie KS. Cutaneous manifestations of ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Edición electrónica] 2014;9(1):201-18.
Sen G, Alcazar Arroyo R, Orte Martínez L, Otero González A. Enfermedad Renal Crónica Avanzada y Pre-Diálisis. Nefrología. 2008;3:3-6.
Lorenzo V. Enfermedad renal crónica. Rev Actual Clínica. 2011;11(10):557-64.
Robinson-Bostom L, DiGiovanna JJ. Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. [Edición electrónica] 2000;43(6):975-86.
Markova A, Lester J, Wang J, Robinson-Bostom L. Diagnosis of Common Dermopathies in Dialysis Patients: A Review and Update. Semin Dial. 2012;25(4):408-18.
Herrera L, Avellaneda C, Tique N.Calcifilaxis como complicación cutánea en paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica en diálisis.Revista Med. 2013;21(1):86-90.
Urrútia G, Bonfill X.Declaración PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Med Clin. 2010;135(11):507-11.
Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E,Altman DG,Gotzsche PC,Mulrow CD,Pocock SJ,et al.Mejorar la comunicación de estudios observacionales en epidemiología (STROBE): explicacion y elaboración. Gac Sanit. 2009;23(2):1-28.
Cabello J.Plantilla para ayudarte a entender un Ensayo Clinico.CASPe. Guías CASPe de lectura critica de la literatura médica. CASPe. [Edición electrónica] 2005;5-8. [Consultado 24 octubre]. Disponible en:http://www.redcaspe.org/herramientas/instrumentos.
Thomas EA, Thomas A, Pawar B. A prospective study of cutaneous abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol. 2012;22(2):11620.
Bosma M, Doaa H, Kamal O, Sarah R. Prospective study on prevalence of dermatological changes in patients under hemodialysis in hemodialysis units in Tanta University hospitals, Egypt. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol [Edición electrónica]. 2014;7:313-9.
Peres LAB, Passarini SR, Branco MF de BT, Kruger LA. Skin lesions in chronic renal dialysis. J Bras Nefrol. [Edición electrónica] 2014; 36(1):42-7.
Masmoudi A, Ben Hmida M,Turki H, Hajjaji Darouiche M, Ben Salah H. Cutaneous abnormalities in patients with end stage renal failure on chronic hemodialysis. A study of 458 patients. J Dermatol Case Rep. [Edición electrónica] 2014;8(4):86-94.
Ankudowicz A, Król E, Debska-Slizien A. Do Patients With End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure Treated With the Use of Hemodialysis Have Healthy Skin? Evaluation of Skin Lesions and Basic Education About Risk Factors for Skin Cancer in This Patient Population. Transplant Proc. 2016;48(5):1435-8.
Solak B, Acikgoz SB, Sipahi S, Erdem T. Cutaneuos findings in patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. [Edición electrónica]2016;30(9):1609-13.
Topete O, Fernández Sánchez M. Artículo de revisión Dermatosis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal. Dermatología Rev Mex. [Edición electrónica] 2011;55(6):352-8.
Asokan S, Narasimhan M, Rajagopalan V. “Cutaneous manifestations in chronic renal failure patients on haemodialysis.” Indian J Clin Exp Dermatology. [Edición electrónica] 2016;2(3):111.
Khanna D, Singal A, Kalra OP. Comparison of cutaneous manifestations in chronic kidney disease with or without dialysis. Postgrad Med J. 2010;86(1021):641-7.
Min JW, Kim SH, Kim YO, Jin DC, Song HC, Choi EJ, et al. Comparison of uremic pruritus between patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Research and Clinical Practice. 2016;35(2):107-13.
Yang M, Tang W, Sang Y, Chen X, Hu X. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus among adult dialysis patients. Medicine. [Edición electrónica] 2018;97(21):1-6.
Wu HY, Peng Y Sen, Chen HY, Tsai WC, Yang JY, Hsu SP, et al. A comparison of uremic pruritus in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Medicine. 2016;95(9):1-6.
Rayner HC, Larkina M, Wang M, Graham-Brown M, van der Veer SN, Ecder T, et al. International comparisons of prevalence, awareness, and treatment of pruritus in people on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Edición electrónica] 2017;12(12):2000-7.
Pisoni RL, Mendelssohn DC, Wikstrom B, Saran R, Keen ML, Elder SJ, et al. Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: international results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;21(12):3495-505.
Kaminski MR,Strippoli GFM, Palmer SC,Landorf KB, McMahon LP, Dallimore S, et al. Risk factors for foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation in adults with end-stage renal disease on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015; 30(10):1-19.
Mazhar AR, Johnson RJ, Gillen D, Stivelman JC, Ryan MJ, Davis CL et al. Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease. Rev Kidney Int. 2009;60(1):324-32.
Guzmán UV, López FG, Cueva P De, Verde E, Vinuesa SG De, Goicoechea M, et al. Calcifilaxis : complicación grave del síndrome cardio-metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT). Nefrología. 2008;28(1):32-6.
McMahon LP, Kaminski MR, Erbas B, Kerr PG, Lambert KA, Raspovic A, et al. Factors associated with foot ulceration and amputation in adults on dialysis: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):1-11.
Meloni M, Giurato L, Izzo V, Stefanini M, Pampana E, Gandini R et al. Long term outcomes of diabetic haemodialysis patients with critical limb ischemia and foot ulcer. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;116:117-22.
Weng CH, Hu CC, Yen TH, Hsu CW, Huang WH. Uremic Pruritus is Associated with Two-Year Cardiovascular Mortality in Long Term Hemodialysis Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2018;43(3):1000-9.
Becker S, Walter S, Witzke O, Körber A,Bienholz A, Kottmann T, et al. Edema, Hyperpigmentation, Induration: 3 Skin Signs Heralding Danger in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. Medicine. 2016;95 (12):e3121.
Cheng T-Y, Tarng DC, Liao YM, Lin PC. Effects of systematic nursing instruction on a low-phosphorus diet, serum phosphorus level and pruritus of patients on haemodialysis. Journal of clinical nursing. 2017;(5):485-94.
Lahiji AP, Mortazavi M, Tirani SA, Moeinzadeh F, Bidaki EZ, Naini AE, et al. Omega3 Supplementation Improves Pruritus in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Crossover Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial. J Res Pharm Pract. 2018;7(4):195-9.
Simonse E,Lerner B, Shaw J, Tangri N, Bohm C, Askin N, et al. Treatment of Uremic Pruritus: A Systematic Review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(5):638-55.
Madsen JK, Murtagh FEM. Effectiveness of gabapentinoids for treatment of pruritus in patients with end stage renal failure.A systematic review. Palliative Medicine. 2016;30(6):88-9.
Rayner H, Baharani J, Smith S, Suresh V, Dasgupta I. Uraemic pruritus: Relief of itching by gabapentin and pregabalin. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;122(34):75-9.
Siemens W, Xander C, Meerpohl JJ,Buroh S, Antes G, Schwarzer G, et al. Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients (Review). John Wiley Sons. [Edición electrónica] 2016; (11):1-264.
Zitt E, Konig M, Vychytil A, Auinger M, Wallner M, Lingenhel G et al. Use of sodium thiosulfate in a multi-interventional setting for the treatment of calciphylaxis in dialysis patients. Rev Nephrol Dial Transplant. [Edición electrónica] 2013;28(5):123240.
Moyano-Espadero MC, Estepa del Árbol M, Pérez-Blancas C, Crespo-Montero R. Influencia de la enfermedad renal crónica terminal en la aparición de pérdida de la integridad tisular. Enferm Nefrol. 2015;18(4):290-302.
Picó MR, Lugo-Somolinos A, Sánchez JL, Burgos-Caldfrón R. Cutaneous Alterations in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure. Int J Dermatol. [Edición electrónica] 1992;31(12):860-3.
Sumnu A, Yucel L, Gursu M, Uzun S, Koc LK, Behlul A, et al. Skin disorders in peritoneal dialysis patients: An underdiagnosed subject. World J Nephrol. 2016;5(4):372-7.
Zadeh S, Tajbakhsh R, Kabootari M, Sadani S, Qorbani M, Haghighi A, et al. Mucocutaneous manifestations and nail changes in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2013;24(1):36-40.
Adejumo O, Akinbodewa A,Alli O, Olatunji A, Ibukun I. Prevalence, Pattern and Association of Pruritus with Quality of Life in nic Kidney Disease Patients Attending Kidney Care Centre, Ondo City, Southwest Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2016;26(6):549-54.
Choi SI, Lee J, S Lee SV, Lee EY. Cutaneous manifestations in End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Korean Journal of Dermatology. 2012;(10):845-54.
Onelmis H, Sener S, Sasmaz S, Ozer A. Cutaneous changes in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2012;31(4):286-91.
Rashpa RS, Mahajan VK, Kumar P, Mehta KS, Chauhan SP, Rawat Ret al. Mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2017;9:20-6.
Otte J, Van Netten JJ, Woittiez AJJ. The association of chronic kidney disease and dialysis treatment with foot ulceration and major amputation. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(2):406-11.
Ángel Ángel ZE, Duque Castaño GA, Tovar Cortes DL. Cuidados de enfermería en el paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis: una revisión sistemática. Enferm Nefrol. 2016;19(3):20213.